Pakati imhando yakakosha yezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari akanaka. Muchidimbu, imhando ye "semi-yakapera zvigadzirwa", iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, machira, dhayi uye zvinonhuwira.

Mumushonga, mapakati anoshandiswa kugadzira maAPI.

Saka chii chinonzi niche indasitiri yemishonga yepakati?

01

Iwo anonzi mishonga yepakati ndiwo chaiwo mamwe makemikari ezvigadzirwa kana zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinodhaka.
Iyo kemikari, iyo isingade rezinesi rekugadzira zvinodhaka, inogona kugadzirwa mune yakajairwa kemikari chirimwa uye, kana yasvika mamwe mazinga, inogona kushandiswa mukugadzira mishonga.

Mufananidzo

Parizvino, mhando dzinonyanya kuvimbiswa dzepakati pemishonga dzinonyanya seizvi:

Nucleoside pakati.
Iyi mhando yepakati pekugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa AIDS inonyanya zidovudine, kubva kuUnited States Glaxo.
Wellcome uye Bristol-Myers squibb gadzira.

Cardiovascular intermediates.
Semuyenzaniso, ma<em>synthetic sartans ave achishandiswa zvikuru mukurapa kwe<em>hypertension nemhaka ye<em>antihypertensive yavo yakawanda yakakwana, migumisiro mishomanene, kushanda kwenguva refu (kudzora kwakadzikama kweropa kwemaawa 24) uye kukwanisa kushandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe sartans.
Zvinoenderana nenhamba, muna 2015, kudiwa kwepasirese kwemasartan zvinodhaka zvinoshanda zvinhu (losartan potassium, olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan, telmisartan, candesartan) yakasvika matani zviuru zvitatu nemazana matatu.
Kutengeswa kwese kwaive $21.063 bhiriyoni.

Fluorinated intermediates.
Mishonga yeFluorinated yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakadaro yepakati yakakura nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwekuita kwavo kwakanyanya. Muna 1970, 2% chete yemishonga yefluorinated yaiva pamusika; ne 2013, 25% yemishonga yefluorinated yaiva pamusika.
Zvigadzirwa zvemumiririri zvakadai sefluoroquinolone anti-infective drugs, antidepressant fluoxetine uye antifungal fluconazole account yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwekliniki, pakati peiyo fluoroquinolone anti-infective drugs inotora inenge 15% yemusika wepasi rose wemishonga inorwisa-infective.
Pamusoro pezvo, trifluoroethanol yakakosha yepakati pakugadzirwa kweanesthetics, nepo trifluoromethylaniline yakakosha yepakati pakubatanidzwa kwemishonga inorwisa marariya, anti-inflammatory uye analgesic zvinodhaka, anti-prostate zvinodhaka uye anti-depressants, uye tarisiro yemusika yakakura kwazvo. .

Heterocyclic pakati.
Ne pyridine uye piperazine sevamiririri, inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa maronda, yakawanda gastric zvinodhaka, anti-inflammatory uye anti-infective drugs, zvinodhaka zvinonyanya kushanda zvakanyanya uye mishonga mitsva yekenza yemazamu letrozole.

02

Pharmaceutical intermediates chinhu chakakosha chinongedzo muindasitiri yemishonga.

Mufananidzo

Kumusoro ndiko kwakakosha makemikari zvigadzirwa, mazhinji acho ari epetrochemical zvigadzirwa, senge acetylene, ethylene, propylene, butene uye butadiene, toluene uye xylene.

Pharmaceutical intermediates yakakamurwa kuita zvepakati uye zvepamberi zvepakati.
Pakati pavo, vatengesi vekutanga vepakati vanogona kungopa kugadzirwa kwakapfava kwepakati uye vari kumberi kweindasitiri cheni nekumanikidza kukuru kwemakwikwi uye kudzvanywa kwemutengo. Naizvozvo, kushanduka kwemutengo kweiyo basic makemikari raw materials ine simba guru pavari.

Nekune rimwe divi, vatengesi vepamusoro vepakati havangove nesimba rakasimba rekutaurirana pamusoro pevanopa vekutanga, asi zvakanyanya kukosha, nekuti vanoita kugadzirwa kwevanopindirana vepamberi vane hunyanzvi hwekuita uye vanoramba vachifambidzana nemakambani emarudzi akawanda, ivo havanyanyi kukanganiswa nekushanduka kwemitengo. yezvigadzirwa.

Iyo yepakati inosvika ndeye pharmaceutical fine chemical industry.
Vagadziri vemishonga yepakati vanogadzira zvepakati kana zvisina kuchena APIs, uye vanotengesa zvigadzirwa nenzira yezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari kumakambani emishonga, ayo anonatsa obva azvitengesa semishonga.

Pharmaceutical intermediates zvinosanganisira generic zvigadzirwa uye customized zvigadzirwa. Zvinoenderana nematanho akasiyana ebasa rekubuda kunze, iwo akajairwa bhizinesi modhi yevapakati anogona kazhinji kukamurwa kuita CRO (contract research and development outsourcing) uye CMO (contract production outsourcing).

Munguva yakapfuura, CMO bhizinesi outsourcing mode yainyanya kushandiswa mumishonga yepakati.
Pasi peiyo CMO modhi, makambani emishonga anobuditsa kugadzirwa kune vanobatana.
Naizvozvo, cheni yebhizinesi inowanzotanga nehunyanzvi hwemishonga yezvigadzirwa.
Makambani eindasitiri anofanirwa kutenga zvekutanga zvemakemikari zvigadzirwa uye kurongedza uye kuagadzira kuita akasarudzika emishonga zvigadzirwa, uye obva azvishandura kuita API yekutanga zvinhu, cGMP yepakati, APIs uye gadziriro.

Asi, semakambani emishonga ekudzora mutengo uye kushanda zvakanaka zvinodiwa, nyore kugadzirwa kwekunze masevhisi haana kukwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvebhizinesi, CDMO modhi (yekugadzira tsvakiridzo uye kusimudzira kunze) inomuka panguva yenhoroondo, CDMO inoda mabhizinesi ekugadzira mabhii kuti atore chikamu. mutengi ari mukati mekutsvagisa nekusimudzira, kupa kuvandudza kwemaitiro kana optimization, kuziva hukuru hwekugadzira mhando, kuderedza mutengo wekugadzira,
Iyo ine yakakwira purofiti margin pane iyo CMO modhi.

Iyo yakadzika ndiyo inonyanya kuve API yekugadzira indasitiri, uye iyo API iri kumusoro uye yakadzika maindasitiri cheni hukama nekugadzirira.
Naizvozvo, kudiwa kwekushandisa kwekudzika kwemushonga kugadzirira kuchakanganisa zvakananga kudiwa kweAPI, uye zvobva zvakanganisa kudiwa kwepakati.

Kubva pamaonero eiyo yese maindasitiri cheni, vepakati vemishonga vachiri mudanho rekukura pari zvino, uye avhareji yemari yepurofiti inowanzonzi 15-20%, nepo avhareji yepurofiti yeAPI iri 20-25%, uye avhareji. gross profit rate yepasi pasi pemishonga yemishonga inosvika 40-50%. Zviripachena, gross purofiti yechikamu chepasi chakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura chechikamu chekumusoro.
Naizvozvo, mabhizinesi emishonga epakati anogona kuwedzera chain yechigadzirwa, kuwedzera purofiti yechigadzirwa uye kugadzirisa kugadzikana kwekutengesa nekugadzira API mune ramangwana.

03

Kubudirira kwepamusoro kweindasitiri yemishonga yepakati muChina kwakatanga muna 2000.

Panguva iyoyo, makambani emishonga munyika dzakasimukira ainyanya kutarisisa kutsvagisa kwechigadzirwa nekusimudzira uye kusimudzira musika semakwikwi avo ekutanga, uye akamhanyisa kuendesa kwepakati uye inoshanda zvinodhaka synthesis kunyika dzichiri kusimukira nemutengo wakaderera.
Naizvozvo, indasitiri yemishonga yepakati muChina yakawana budiriro yakanaka nekutora mukana uyu.
Mushure memakore anopfuura gumi ebudiriro yakadzikama, nerutsigiro rwemitemo yenyika yose nemitemo, China yave nzvimbo yakakosha yepakati yekugadzira muchikamu chepasi rose chevashandi muindasitiri yemishonga.

Kubva 2012 kusvika 2018, kubuda kweindasitiri yemishonga yekuChina kwakawedzera kubva pamatani 8.1 miriyoni ine musika ungangoita 168.8 bhiriyoni yuan kusvika 10.12 miriyoni matani ane musika saizi ye2010.7 bhiriyoni yuan.

Mufananidzo

Indasitiri yeChina yemishonga yepakati yakawana kukwikwidza kwakasimba kwemusika, uye kunyangwe mamwe mabhizinesi ekugadzira epakati akakwanisa kuburitsa epakati ane yakaoma mamorekuru chimiro uye yakakwirira tekinoroji zvinodiwa. Nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa zvine simba zvakatanga kutonga musika wepasi rose.

Nekudaro, kazhinji, iyo indasitiri yepakati muChina ichiri munguva yekuvandudza yekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa optimization uye kusimudzira, uye nhanho yetekinoroji ichiri yakaderera.
Yepakati yemishonga yepakati ndiyo ichiri zvigadzirwa zvikuru muindasitiri yemishonga yepakati, uye kune mashoma emabhizinesi ari kugadzira huwandu hukuru hwemhando yepamusoro yemishonga yepakati uye inotsigira zvigadzirwa zvepakati zvemishonga mitsva ine patented.

Parizvino, makambani anonyanya kukwikwidza A-share akanyorwa muindasitiri yepakati ndiYaben Chemical, Lianhua Technology, Boten, uye Wanrun, iyo inoronga kuisa 630 miriyoni yuan mukuvaka kwemishonga yepakati uye mapurojekiti eAPI ane huwandu hwakazara hwe3,155 matani. /gore.
Vanoenderera mberi nekugadzira huwandu hwezvigadzirwa kuburikidza nekutsvaga nekusimudzira, kuitira kuti vawane nzira itsva.

Yaben Chemical Co., Ltd. (300261): Zvigadzirwa zvedu zvikuru zvinosanganisira antitumor drug intermediates, antiepileptic drug intermediates uye antiviral intermediates.
Pakati pavo, ABAH, antiepileptic drug yepakati, yakaiswa zviri pamutemo mukugadzirwa muna Gumiguru 2014, iine huwandu hwe1,000 matani.
Enzyme fermentation tekinoroji yakaunzwa zvakabudirira mukati memoyo wepakati kusimudzira kukwikwidza kwezvigadzirwa.
Muna 2017, kambani yakawana ACL, kambani inoshanda yemishonga muMalta, ichimhanyisa dhizaini yayo mumusika wekurapa wepasirese uye ichifambisa shanduko nekusimudzira kwenzvimbo yepamba.

BTG (300363): yakanangana nehunyanzvi hwemishonga yepakati / API yakagadziridzwa CMO bhizinesi, zvigadzirwa zvikuru zvemishonga zvepakati zveanti-hepatitis C, anti-AIDS, hypolipidemia uye analgesia, uye ndiyo inonyanya kupa Sofebuvir yepakati yeGiriyedhi anti-hepatitis. C mushonga.
Muna 2016, mari yese yekurwisa chirwere cheshuga + anti-hepatitis C mishonga yepakati yakasvika 660 miriyoni, ichiverengera 50% yemari yese.
Nekudaro, kubvira 2017, nekuda kwekupora zvishoma nezvishoma kwevarwere vehepatitis C uye kudzikira kwevarwere, kutengesa kweGiriyedhi kwemishonga yehepatitis C kwakatanga kudzikira. Uyezve, nekupera kwemvumo, mishonga yakawanda yekurwisa hepatitis C yakatangwa, uye kukwikwidza kwakaramba kuchiwedzera, zvichiita kuti kuderera kwemirairo yepakati uye mari.
Parizvino, kambani yakashandura kubva kuCMO bhizinesi kuenda kuCDMO bhizinesi kuvaka inotungamira yepasirese sevhisi chikuva kumabhizinesi emishonga.

Alliance Technology (002250) :
Zvigadzirwa zvemishonga zvepakati zvinonyanya kubatanidzwa mumishonga inorwisa matumor, autoimmune, antifungal zvinodhaka, zvinodhaka zvemoyo, chirwere cheshuga, antidepressants, antihypertensive zvinodhaka, anti-flu zvinodhaka, senge zvakakosha zvese zviri munzvimbo dzekurapa dzepasirese dzinonyanya kufarirwa uye nzvimbo yakafara yemusika. , kukurumidza kukura mumakore achangopfuura, mari inosanganisirwa yekukura kweinenge 50%.
Pakati pavo, "kubuda kwepagore kwematani mazana matatu eChunidine, matani mazana matatu eFluzolic Acid uye 200 matani eCyclopyrimidine Acid Project" akaiswa mukugadzirwa zvakateerana kubva 2014.