Madhayi ane acid, madhayi akananga uye madhayi anochinja ese ari madhayi anonyungudika nemvura. Zvakabuda muna 2001 zvaive 30,000 matani, 20,000 matani uye 45,000 matani, zvichiteerana. Nekudaro, kwenguva yakareba, mabhizinesi emunyika yangu edhayi akabhadhara zvakanyanya kukusimudzira uye kutsvagisa kwedhayi nyowani, nepo tsvakiridzo yemashure-kugadziriswa kwedhayi kwave kushoma. Inowanzo shandiswa standardization reagents mvura-soluble dhayi zvinosanganisira sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, etc. Izvi standardization reagents zvinosanganiswa nedhayi yepakutanga maererano kuwana simba rinodiwa Commodities, asi havakwanise kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudhinda nekudhaya muindasitiri yekudhinda nekudhaya. Kunyange zvazvo mishonga yedhayi yadudzwa yakaderera mumutengo, haina kunyorova uye kunyungudika kwemvura, zvichiita kuti zviome kuenderana nezvinodiwa nemusika wepasi rose uye inogona kungotengeswa kunze kwenyika sedhayi dzepakutanga. Nokudaro, mukutengeserana kwedhayi dzakasvibiswa nemvura, kunyorova uye kunyunguduka kwemvura yedhayi inyaya dzinoda kugadziriswa nekukasira, uye izvo zvinowedzera zvinofanirwa kuvimbwa nazvo.

Dhayi wettability kurapwa
Kutaura zvakafara, kunyorova ndiko kutsiviwa kwemvura (inofanira kunge iri gasi) pamusoro peimwe mvura. Kunyanya, iyo poda kana granular interface inofanirwa kunge iri gasi / yakasimba interface, uye maitiro ekunyorova ndipo apo mvura (mvura) inotsiva gasi pamusoro pezvimedu. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kunyorova inzira yemuviri pakati pezvinhu zviri pamusoro. Mudhayi mushure mekurapa, kunyorova kunowanzoita basa rakakosha. Kazhinji, dhayi inogadziriswa kuita yakasimba, yakadai sehupfu kana granule, inoda kunyoroveswa panguva yekushandiswa. Naizvozvo, kunyorova kwedhayi kuchakanganisa zvakananga maitiro ekushandisa. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekuparara, dhayi yakaoma kunyorova uye inoyangarara pamusoro pemvura isingadiwi. Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza kwemhando yedhayi zvinodiwa nhasi, kunyorova kuita kwave chimwe chezviratidzo zvekuyera kunaka kwedhayi. Simba repamusoro pemvura i72.75mN/m pa20 ℃, inodzikira nekuwedzera kwekushisa, nepo simba repamusoro pezvakaoma harina kushanduka, kazhinji pasi pe100mN/m. Kazhinji simbi nema oxides ayo, inorganic salts, etc. zviri nyore kunyorova Wet, inonzi high surface energy. Simba repamusoro pezvakaoma organics uye mapolymers anofananidzwa neayo zvinwiwa zvakajairika, izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti simba repasi pasi, asi rinoshanduka nekukura kwakasimba kwechikamu uye dhigirii reporosity. Iyo diki diki diki saizi, yakakura dhigirii yekuumbwa kweporous, uye pamusoro Iyo yakakwirira simba, ukuru kunoenderana ne substrate. Nokudaro, chiyero chechidimbu chedhayi chinofanira kunge chiri chiduku. Mushure mekunge dhayi yagadziriswa nekutengeserana kwekutengesa senge salting kunze uye kugaya mune dzakasiyana midhiya, saizi yedhayi inova yakanaka, crystallinity inodzikiswa, uye kristaro chikamu chinoshanduka, chinovandudza simba repamusoro pedhayi uye kufambisa kunyorova.

Solubility kurapwa kweasidhi dhayi
Nekushandiswa kwechiyero chidiki chekugezesa uye tekinoroji yekudhaya inoenderera, dhigirii re automation mukudhinda uye kudhaya rakaramba richivandudzwa. Kubuda kwemaotomatiki mafirita uye paste, uye kuiswa kwemadhayi emvura kunoda kugadzirirwa kwepamusoro-kudzika uye kugadzikana kwedhayi zvinwiwa uye kudhinda mapepa. Nekudaro, kunyungudika kweasidhi, inoshanda uye yakananga dhayi muzvigadzirwa zvedhayi zvemba inongosvika 100g/L, kunyanya kune madhayi ane acid. Mamwe marudzi anongosvika 20g/L chete. Kunyungudika kwedhayi kunoenderana nechimiro chemolecular yedhayi. Iyo yakakwirira iyo molecular uremu uye mashoma sulfonic acid mapoka, iyo inodzika iyo solubility; kana zvisina kudaro, yakakwirira. Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kwekutengesa kwedhayi kwakakosha zvakanyanya, kusanganisira nzira yekristalllization yedhayi, dhigirii rekukuya, chiyero chechidimbu, kuwedzera kwezvinowedzera, nezvimwewo, izvo zvichakanganisa kunyungudika kwedhayi. Iyo dhayi iri nyore kuita ionize, iyo inowedzera kunyungudika kwayo mumvura. Nekudaro, iyo kushambadzira uye kumiswa kwedhayi dzechinyakare kunoenderana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwema electrolyte, senge sodium sulfate nemunyu. Kuwanda kweNa + mumvura kunoderedza kunyungudika kwedhayi mumvura. Nokudaro, kuti uvandudze kunyunguduka kwedhayi dzinonyunguduka mumvura, kutanga usawedzera electrolyte kune dhayi dzekutengesa.

Additives uye solubility
⑴ Doro musanganiswa uye urea cosolvent
Nekuti madhayi anonyungudika nemvura ane imwe nhamba yemapoka e-sulfonic acid uye mapoka e-carboxylic acid, zvimedu zvedhayi zvinoparadzaniswa nyore nyore mumushonga wemvura uye unotakura huwandu hwekuchaja kwakashata. Kana iyo co-solvent ine hydrogen bond inoumba boka inowedzerwa, inodzivirira ye hydrated ion inoumbwa pamusoro peiyo dhayi ion, iyo inosimudzira ionization uye kuparara kwemamorekuru edhayi kuvandudza kunyungudika. Mapolyols akadai sediethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, nezvimwewo anowanzoshandiswa semishonga inobatsira yedhayi inonyungudika mumvura. Nemhaka yokuti vanogona kuumba chisungo chehydrogen nedhayi, pamusoro peiyo dhayi inoumba chidziviriro che hydrated ions, iyo inodzivirira kuunganidza uye intermolecular kupindirana kwemamorekuru edhayi, uye inosimudzira ionization uye kuparadzaniswa kwedhayi.
⑵Non-ionic surfactant
Kuwedzera imwe isiri-ionic surfactant kune dhayi kunogona kuderedza simba rekusunga pakati pemamorekuru edhayi uye pakati pemamorekuru, kukurumidza ionization, uye kuita kuti mamorekuru edhayi agadzire micelles mumvura, ine dispersibility yakanaka. Madhayi epolar anoumba micelles. Iwo mamorekuru anonyungudutsa anoumba network yekudyidzana pakati pemamorekuru kuti avandudze kunyungudika, senge polyoxyethylene ether kana ester. Zvisinei, kana iyo co-solvent molecule isina simba re hydrophobic boka, kupararira uye solubilization effect pa micelle yakagadzirwa nedhayi ichave isina simba, uye solubility haizowedzere zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, edza kusarudza zvinonyungudutsa zvine zvindori zvinonhuhwirira zvinogona kugadzira hydrophobic bonds nedhayi. Semuenzaniso, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, uye mamwe akadai se polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
dispersant ine simba guru pakunyungudika kwedhayi. Kusarudza dispersant yakanaka maererano nekugadzirwa kwedhayi kuchabatsira zvikuru kuvandudza kunyungudika kwedhayi. Mumadhayi anonyungudika mumvura, anoita rimwe basa mukudzivirira mutual adsorption (van der Waals force) uye kuungana pakati pemamorekuru edhayi. Lignosulfonate ndiyo inonyanya kuparadzira, uye kune tsvakurudzo pane izvi muChina.
Iyo molecular chimiro chekuparadzira dhayi haina yakasimba hydrophilic mapoka, asi chete asina kusimba mapoka epolar, saka ine chete isina kusimba hydrophilicity, uye iyo chaiyo solubility idiki kwazvo. Mazhinji anoparadzira madhayi anogona kungonyungudika mumvura pa25 ℃. 1～10mg/L.
Kunyungudika kwedhayi dzakapararira kunoenderana nezvinhu zvinotevera:
Molecular Structure
"Kunyungudika kwekuparadzira dhayi mumvura kunowedzera sezvo chikamu chehydrophobic chemorekuru wedhayi chinodzikira uye chikamu chehydrophilic (mhando uye huwandu hwemapoka epolar) inowedzera. Kureva kuti, kunyungudika kwedhayi dzine diki diki molecular mass uye mamwe asina kusimba mapoka epolar senge -OH uye -NH2 ichave yakakwirira. Dhayi dzine mamorekuru mamolecular mass uye mapoka mashoma asina simba epolar ane kushomeka kwekunyungudika. Semuenzaniso, Disperse Red (I), yayo M=321, solubility iri pasi pe0.1mg/L pa25℃, uye solubility i1.2mg/L pa80℃. Disperse Red (II), M=352, solubility pa25℃ i7.1mg/L, uye solubility pa80℃ i240mg/L.
Dispersant
Muhupfu hwekuparadzira dhayi, zviri mukati medhayi dzakachena kazhinji 40% kusvika 60%, uye mamwe ese ma dispersants, dustproof agents, protective agents, sodium sulfate, etc. Pakati pavo, iyo dispersant account kune yakakura chikamu.
Iyo dispersant (diffusion agent) inogona kupfekedza iyo yakanaka yekristaro tsanga dzedhayi mu hydrophilic colloidal particles uye kuiparadzira yakadzikama mumvura. Mushure meiyo yakakosha micelle yekumisikidza yapfuudzwa, micelles ichaumbwa zvakare, iyo inozodzikisa chikamu chediki dhayi crystal tsanga. Yakanyungudutswa mumicelles, iyo inonzi "solubilization" chiitiko chinoitika, nokudaro kuwedzera kunyungudika kwedhayi. Uyezve, iyo iri nani yemhando ye dispersant uye iyo yakanyanya kuwanda, iyo yakakura iyo solubilization uye solubilization mhedzisiro.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti solubilization mhedzisiro yekuparadzira pakuparadzira madhayi ezvimiro zvakasiyana zvakasiyana, uye musiyano wakakura kwazvo; iyo solubilization effect ye dispersant pa disperse dyes inoderera nekuwedzera kwekushisa kwemvura, iyo yakangofanana nemigumisiro yekushisa kwemvura pakuparadzira dhayi. Mhedzisiro yekunyungudika inopesana.
Mushure meiyo hydrophobic crystal particles yedhayi yakapararira uye inopararira fomu hydrophilic colloidal particles, kupararira kwayo kugadzikana kuchavandudzwa zvakanyanya. Uyezve, aya dhayi colloidal particles anoita basa re "kupa" dhayi panguva yekudhaya. Nokuti mushure mokunge mamorekuru edhayi ari mumhepo yakanyunguduka abatwa nefiber, dhayi "yakachengetwa" muzvikamu zvecolloidal ichabudiswa munguva kuti ichengetedze kuparara kwedhayi.
Mamiriro ekuparadzira dhayi mukupararira
1-dispersant molecule
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
4-Dye single molecule (yakanyungudika)
5-Dye zviyo
6-dispersant lipophilic base
7-dispersant hydrophilic base
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-aggregates yedhayi crystallites
Zvisinei, kana "kubatana" pakati pedhayi uye dispersant yakakura zvikuru, "kupa" kwedhayi imwe molecule ichasara shure kana chiitiko che "kupa kunopfuura kudiwa". Nokudaro, inoderedza zvakananga chiyero chekudha uye kuenzanisa chikamu chekudhaya, zvichiita kuti kunonoka kudhaya uye chiedza chemavara.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pakusarudza nekushandisa zvinoparadzanisa, kwete chete kupararira kugadzikana kwedhayi kunofanira kutariswa, asiwo kuchinja kwemavara edhayi.
(3) Kudhaya mhinduro tembiricha
Kunyungudika kwekuparadzira dhayi mumvura kunowedzera nekuwedzera kwekushisa kwemvura. Semuenzaniso, kunyungudika kweDisperse Yellow mumvura inokwana 80°C kakapetwa ka18 pane 25°C. Kunyungudika kweDisperse Red mumvura 80°C kanosvika makumi matatu nenhatu pane pa25°C. Kunyungudika kweDisperse Blue mumvura 80°C kanosvika makumi matatu nenomwe pane 25°C. Kana tembiricha yemvura ichipfuura 100 ° C, kunyungudika kwemadhayi anoparadzira kuchawedzera zvakanyanya.
Hechino chiyeuchidzo chakakosha: iyi inonyungudika midziyo yedhayi inoparadzira ichaunza njodzi dzakavanzika kune inoshanda maapplication. Semuenzaniso, kana doro redhayi richipisa zvisina kuenzana, doro redhayi rine tembiricha yakakwira rinoyerera richienda kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yakadzikira. Sezvo tembiricha yemvura inodzikira, dhayi doro rinova supersaturated, uye dhayi yakanyungudutswa inonaya, ichikonzera kukura kwedhayi crystal tsanga uye kudzikira kwekunyungudika. , Zvichikonzera kuderedzwa kwekutorwa kwedhayi.
(mana) dhayi sekristaro fomu
Mamwe madhayi anoparadzira ane chiitiko che "isomorphism". Ndiko kuti, iyo yakafanana dhayi yekuparadzira, nekuda kweakasiyana tekinoroji yekuparadzira mukugadzira, ichagadzira akati wandei makristasi mafomu, senge tsono, tsvimbo, flakes, granules, uye zvidhinha. Muchigadziro chekushanda, kunyanya kana uchidhaya pa 130 ° C, iyo yakawanda isina kugadzikana fomu yekrisiti ichachinja kune iyo yakagadzikana yekrisiti fomu.
Izvo zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yekristaro ine yakanyanya kunyungudika, uye iyo isina kugadzikana sekristaro fomu ine zvishoma solubility. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvakananga dhayi yekutora chiyero uye dhayi inotora muzana.
(5) Kukura kwechikamu
Kazhinji, madhayi ane madiki madiki ane yakanyanya solubility uye yakanaka kupararira kugadzikana. Dhayi dzine zvidimbu zvakakura dzine kunyungudika kwakaderera uye kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana.
Parizvino, saizi yediki yedhayi yekuparadzira dhayi inowanzoita 0.5～2.0μm (Cherechedza: saizi yedhipi yekudhaya inoda 0.5～1.0μm).