Madhayi ane acid, madhayi akananga uye madhayi anochinja-chinja ese ari madhayi anonyungudika mumvura. Kubuda kwacho muna 2001 kwaive matani 30,000, matani 20,000 uye matani 45,000, zvichiteerana. Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba, makambani ekugadzira madhayi enyika yangu ave achinyanya kutarisisa kuvandudzwa nekutsvagisa madhayi matsva ekuvaka, nepo tsvakiridzo yekugadziriswa kwemadhayi mushure mekugadziriswa kwave kusina kusimba. Ma reagents anowanzo shandiswa emadhayi anonyungudika mumvura anosanganisira sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, nezvimwewo. Aya ma reagents ekugadzirisa anosanganiswa nedhayi rekutanga zvichienderana nekuwana simba rinodiwa. Zvigadzirwa, asi hazvigone kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro akasiyana ekudhinda nekudhaya muindasitiri yekudhinda nekudhaya. Kunyangwe zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa dhayi zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvakaderera pamutengo, hazvina kunyorova zvakanyanya uye hazvinyungudike mumvura, zvichiita kuti zviome kugadzirisa zvinodiwa nemusika wepasi rose uye zvinogona kungotengeswa kunze kwenyika semadhayi ekutanga. Saka, mukutengeswa kwemadhayi anonyungudika mumvura, kunyorova uye kunyungudika kwedhayi inyaya dzinofanira kugadziriswa nekukurumidza, uye zvinhu zvinoenderana nazvo zvinofanirwa kuvimbwa nazvo.

Kurapa kwekudzivirira kunyorova kwedhayi
Muchidimbu, kunyorovesa ndiko kutsiviwa kwemvura (inofanira kunge iri gasi) pamusoro pechinhu nechimwe. Zvikuru, hupfu kana kuti granular interface inofanira kunge iri gasi/solid interface, uye maitiro ekunyorovesa ndeapo mvura (mvura) inotsiva gasi pamusoro pezvinhu. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kunyorovesa inzira yepanyama pakati pezvinhu zviri pamusoro. Mukurapa kwedhayi, kunyorovesa kunowanzoita basa rakakosha. Kazhinji, dhayi inogadziriswa kuita solid state, senge hupfu kana granule, iyo inoda kunyoroveswa panguva yekushandiswa. Naizvozvo, kunyorovesa kwedhayi kunokanganisa zvakananga mhedzisiro yekushandisa. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekunyungudika, dhayi yakaoma kunyorovesa uye inoyangarara pamusoro pemvura hazvidiwi. Nekuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kwezvinodiwa zvemhando yedhayi nhasi, kushanda kwenyorovesa kwave chimwe chezviratidzo zvekuyera mhando yedhayi. Simba remvura pamusoro pemvura i72.75mN/m pa20℃, iro rinoderera nekuwedzera kwekupisa, nepo simba repamusoro rezvinhu zvakasimba risingachinji, kazhinji riri pasi pe100mN/m. Kazhinji simbi nema oxides adzo, munyu usingasanganisike, nezvimwewo zviri nyore kunyorovesa. Simba repamusoro rezvinhu zvakasimba uye ma polymers rinofanana nerezvinwiwa zvakajairika, zvinonzi simba repamusoro diki, asi rinochinja nehukuru hwezvimedu zvakasimba uye mwero we porosity. Kana saizi yezvikamu zvidiki, mwero wekuumbwa kwezvimedu zvakakura, uye pamusoro pesimba rakakwirira, saizi yacho inoenderana ne substrate. Saka, saizi yezvidimbu zvedhayi inofanira kuva diki. Mushure mekunge dhayi yagadziriswa nekugadzirwa kwekutengesa senge kuisirwa munyu nekukuyiwa muzvinhu zvakasiyana, saizi yezvidimbu zvedhayi inova diki, crystallinity inodzikira, uye crystal phase inoshanduka, izvo zvinovandudza simba repamusoro redhayi uye zvinoita kuti inyorove.

Kurapa kweasidhi dhayi nekunyungudika
Nekushandisa small bath ratio uye continuous dyeing technology, hunyanzvi hwe automation mukudhinda nekudhaya hwave huchivandudzwa nguva dzose. Kubuda kwe automatic fillers nema paste, uye kuiswa kwema liquid dye zvinoda kugadzirwa kwe high-concentration uye high-stability dye liquors uye printing pastes. Zvisinei, kunyunguduka kwema acidic, reactive uye direct dyes muzvigadzirwa zve dye zvemumba kunongosvika 100g/L, kunyanya kune acid dyes. Mamwe marudzi anotosvika 20g/L chete. Kunyunguduka kwe dye kwakabatana ne molecular structure ye dye. Kana molecular huremu hwacho hwakakwira uye mapoka mashoma e sulfonic acid, kunyunguduka kushoma; zvikasadaro, zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, kutengeserana kwema dyes kwakakosha zvikuru, kusanganisira nzira ye crystallization ye dye, grade yekukuya, particle size, kuwedzera kwe additives, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinokanganisa kunyunguduka kwe dye. Kana dhayi iri nyore kuisa ioni, kunyunguduka kwayo mumvura kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, kutengeswa uye kuenzaniswa kwemadhayi echinyakare kunobva pahuwandu hwakawanda hwema electrolyte, akadai se sodium sulfate nemunyu. Huwandu hwakawanda hweNa+ mumvura hunoderedza kunyungudika kwedhayi mumvura. Saka, kuti uwedzere kunyungudika kwemadhayi anonyungudika mumvura, tanga waisa electrolyte kumadhayi ekutengeserana.

Zvinowedzerwa uye kunyunguduka
⑴ Doro rakagadzirwa neurea uye cosolvent
Nekuti madhayi anonyungudika mumvura ane huwandu hwakati hwemapoka esulfonic acid uye mapoka ecarboxylic acid, zvidimbu zvedhayi zvinosanganiswa nyore nyore mumvura uye zvinotakura huwandu hwakati hwechaji isina kunaka. Kana co-solvent ine boka rinogadzira hydrogen bond yawedzerwa, jira rinodzivirira remaion ane hydrated rinoumbwa pamusoro pemaion edhayi, izvo zvinokurudzira ionization uye kunyungudika kwemamorekuru edhayi kuti kunatsiridze kunyungudika. Mapolyol akadai se diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, nezvimwewo anowanzo shandiswa sezvinyungudika zvekuwedzera madhayi anonyungudika mumvura. Nekuti anogona kugadzira hydrogen bond nedhayi, pamusoro pe dye ion inoumba jira rinodzivirira remaion ane hydrated, izvo zvinodzivirira kuungana uye kudyidzana pakati pemamorekuru edhayi, uye zvinokurudzira ionization uye kupatsanurwa kwedhayi.
⑵Non-ionic surfactant
Kuwedzera imwe non-ionic surfactant kudhayi kunogona kuderedza simba rekubatanidza pakati pemamorekuru edhayi uye pakati pemamorekuru, kukurumidzisa ionization, uye kuita kuti mamorekuru edhayi agadzire micelles mumvura, iyo ine mukana wakanaka wekupararira. Madhayi epolar anoumba micelles. Mamorekuru anonyungudutsa anogadzira network yekubatana pakati pemamorekuru kuti awedzere kunyunguduka, senge polyoxyethylene ether kana ester. Zvisinei, kana molekyuli yeco-solvent isina boka rakasimba re hydrophobic, kupararira uye kunyunguduka kwemhedzisiro pa micelle inoumbwa nedhayi kuchava kusina simba, uye kunyunguduka hakuzowedzeri zvakanyanya. Saka, edza kusarudza solvents dzine aromatic rings dzinogona kuumba hydrophobic bonds nedhayi. Semuenzaniso, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, nezvimwe zvakaita se polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ muparadziri we lignosulfonate
Chinonyungudutsa chine simba guru pakunyunguduka kwedhayi. Kusarudza chinonyungudutsa chakanaka zvichienderana nechimiro chedhayi kunobatsira zvikuru kuvandudza kunyunguduka kwedhayi. Mumadhayi anonyunguduka mumvura, chinoita basa guru mukudzivirira kunyunguduka pamwe chete (van der Waals force) uye kuungana kwemamorekuru edhayi. Lignosulfonate ndiyo inonyungudutsa inoshanda zvikuru, uye kune tsvakurudzo pamusoro peizvi muChina.
Maumbirwo emamorekuru emadhayi akapararira haana mapoka akasimba emvura, asi mapoka epolar chete, saka ane simba remvura, uye kunyunguduka chaiko kudiki kwazvo. Madhayi mazhinji akapararira anogona kungonyunguduka mumvura pa25℃. 1 ~ 10mg/L.
Kunyunguduka kwemavara akapararira kunoenderana nezvinhu zvinotevera:
Maumbirwo eMolekyu
"Kunyungudika kwemadhayi akapararira mumvura kunowedzera sezvo chikamu che dhayi chisingapindi mvura mu hydrophobic molecule chichiderera uye chikamu chinonyungudika mumvura (hunhu nehuwandu hwemapoka e polar) chichiwedzera. Kureva kuti, kunyungudika kwemadhayi ane mamorekuru mashoma uye mapoka e polar asina simba akadai se -OH ne -NH2 kuchave kwakakwira. Madhayi ane mamorekuru makuru uye mapoka mashoma e polar asina simba ane kunyungudika kwakaderera. Semuenzaniso, Disperse Red (I), M=321 yayo, kunyungudika kuri pasi pe 0.1mg/L pa25℃, uye kunyungudika kuri 1.2mg/L pa80℃. Disperse Red (II), M=352, kunyungudika pa25℃ kuri 7.1mg/L, uye kunyungudika pa80℃ kuri 240mg/L.
Muparadziri
Mumadhayi eupfu akapararira, huwandu hwemadhayi akachena hunowanzova 40% kusvika 60%, uye mamwe ese anosanganisira zvinoparadzira, zvinodzivirira guruva, zvinodzivirira, sodium sulfate, nezvimwewo. Pakati pawo, zvinoparadzira zvine huwandu hwakakura.
Muchina wekuparadzanisa (diffusion agent) unogona kuputira zvidimbu zvekristaro zvakanaka zvedhayi kuita zvidimbu zvehydrophilic colloidal uye wozviparadzira mumvura zvakadzikama. Mushure mekunge huwandu hwe micelle hwapfuura, micelles inozoumbwawo, izvo zvinoderedza chikamu chezvidimbu zvidiki zvekristaro zvedhayi. Zvikanyungudutswa mu micelles, chinhu chinonzi "solubilization" chinoitika, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kunyunguduka kwedhayi. Uyezve, kana mhando yemuchina wekuparadzanisa iri nani uye huwandu hwayo hwakakwira, zvinoita kuti kunyunguduka nekunyunguduka kuve kwakanyanya.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mhedzisiro yekunyungudika kwedispersant pamadhayi akapararira ezvivako zvakasiyana yakasiyana, uye musiyano wacho wakakura kwazvo; mhedzisiro yekunyungudika kwedispersant pamadhayi akapararira inoderera nekuwedzera kwekupisa kwemvura, izvo zvakafanana chaizvo nemhedzisiro yekupisa kwemvura pamadhayi akapararira. mhedzisiro yekunyungudika yakasiyana.
Mushure mekunge dhayi rakapararira riine hydrophobic crystal particles uye dispersant yaumba hydrophilic colloidal particles, kugadzikana kwayo pakupararira kuchavandudzwa zvakanyanya. Uyezve, idzi dhayi dzine colloidal particles dzinoita basa re "kupa" madhayi panguva yekudhaya. Nekuti mushure mekunge mamorekuru edhayi ari mumamiriro ekunyungudika atorwa nefiber, dhayi "yakachengetwa" mu colloidal particles ichaburitswa nenguva kuchengetedza chiyero chekunyungudika kwedhayi.
Mamiriro edhayi inopararira mukupararira
Morekuru we1-dispersant
2-Dye crystallite (kunyungudika)
Micelle ine 3-dispersant
Morekuru rimwe chete rine dhayi ina (rakanyungudutswa)
5-Dye tsanga
6-dispersant lipophilic base
Hwaro hwe7-dispersant hydrophilic
8-sodium ion (Na+)
Ma crystallites edhayi akabatanidzwa mapfumbamwe
Zvisinei, kana "kubatana" pakati pedhayi nechinhu chinoparadzira kwacho kwakakura zvakanyanya, "kuwanikwa" kwemorekuru imwe chete yedhayi kuchasara kumashure kana kuti chiitiko chekuti "kuwanikwa kunopfuura kudiwa". Nokudaro, zvichaderedza zvakananga mwero wekudhayiwa uye kuenzana kwehuwandu hwekudhayiwa, zvichikonzera kudhayiwa kunononoka uye ruvara rwakajeka.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pakusarudza nekushandisa zvinoparadzira, hazvifanirwe kutariswa chete kugadzikana kwekupararira kwedhayi, asiwo simba paruvara rwedhayi.
(3) Tembiricha yemvura yekudhaya
Kunyungudika kwemadhayi akapararira mumvura kunowedzera nekuwedzera kwekupisa kwemvura. Semuenzaniso, kunyungudika kweDisperse Yellow mumvura ye80°C kwakapetwa ka18 pane pa25°C. Kunyungudika kweDisperse Red mumvura ye80°C kwakapetwa ka33 pane pa25°C. Kunyungudika kweDisperse Blue mumvura ye80°C kwakapetwa ka37 pane pa25°C. Kana tembiricha yemvura ikapfuura 100°C, kunyungudika kwemadhayi akapararira kuchawedzera zvakanyanya.
Heino chiyeuchidzo chakakosha: hunhu uhwu hwekunyungudika kwemadhayi akapararira huchaunza njodzi dzakavanda pakushandiswa kwacho. Semuenzaniso, kana doro redhayi rikapiswa zvisina kuenzana, doro redhayi rine tembiricha yakakwira rinoyerera richienda kunzvimbo ine tembiricha yakaderera. Sezvo tembiricha yemvura ichiderera, doro redhayi rinozara zvakanyanya, uye dhayi rakanyungudika rinotanga kukura, zvichikonzera kukura kwezviyo zvekristaro yedhayi uye kudzikira kwekunyungudika. , Zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekutorwa kwedhayi.
(mana) dhayi yekristaro
Mamwe madhayi edispersion ane chiitiko che "isomorphism". Kureva kuti, dhayi imwecheteyo yedispersion, nekuda kwetekinoroji yakasiyana yekudispersion mukugadzirwa kwayo, inoumba mafomu akasiyana-siyana ekristaro, akadai setsono, tsvimbo, flakes, granules, uye mabhuroko. Mukushandiswa, kunyanya kana uchidhaya pa130°C, mafomu ekristaro asina kugadzikana anochinja kuita mafomu ekristaro akasimba.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chimiro chekristaro chakasimba chine kunyungudika kukuru, uye chimiro chekristaro chisina kugadzikana chine kunyungudika kushoma. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvakananga mwero wekutorwa kwedhayi uye huwandu hwekutorwa kwedhayi.
(5) Saizi yezvimedu
Kazhinji, madhayi ane zvidimbu zvidiki ane kunyungudika kwakanyanya uye kupararira kwakanaka. Madhayi ane zvidimbu zvikuru ane kunyungudika kushoma uye kupararira kwakashata.
Parizvino, saizi yezvidimbu zvedhayi dzinopararira dzemumba inowanzova 0.5 ～2.0 μm (Cherechedza: saizi yezvidimbu zvekudhaya zvinodipurwa inoda 0.5 ～1.0 μm).