Zvinhu Zvinopindirana: Zvinhu zvinopindirana nekupenda (pigment) ibazi rakakosha zvikuru muindasitiri yemakemikari akanaka. Kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvinotsigira. Kugadzirwa kwezvinopindirana nekupenda muChina kwave kuchikura zvakanyanya kubvira kuma1950. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopindirana nekupenda kwave kuwedzera, uye kwave nekuvandudzwa muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Takaita budiriro munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, dzakadai sekutsvagisa, mashandisirwo matsva emhando dzekare uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye takashandisa nzira yakachena yekugadzira zvinhu zvinopindirana nekupenda.

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Kuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa kwezvinoshandiswa pakati

Kutaura zvazviri, kushandiswa kwezvinoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kunowedzera hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, rudzi rwakati rwezvinoshandiswa mudhayi zvinonzi dye intermediates, uye zvinoshandiswa mumishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yemishonga, nezvimwewo. Zvinonziwo mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene. Inofanira kutariswa sebazi reindasitiri yemakemikari yakanaka yose, haifanirwe kukamurwa zvakanyanya kuita dye intermediates, dye intermediates, zvipembenene zvezvipembenene ...

Ongororo yemakemikari akanaka inoratidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kunze kwemhando shoma dzehukuru hwekugadzira hwakakura zvikuru, mhando zhinji dze tonnage hadzina kukura zvakanyanya, asi maitiro ekugadzirira anowanzo kuve akaomarara, anosanganisira maitiro akawanda eyuniti uye kupatsanurwa, uye kugadzirwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwe "marara matatu" kunofanirwa kubatwa nemazvo. Saka, tinofanira kuita ongororo yemaitiro ezvigadzirwa zvakatevedzana, kurongeka kwakanaka kwezvikamu zvepakati kuti tiwane kugona kwakanaka kwekugadzira.

Kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu ekunze, tsvakiridzo nekugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvepakati zvinowanzo nyatsogadzirwa kuti zvibudirire. Mhando shoma kusvika gumi nembiri dzezvishandiso zvepakati, tsvakiridzo nekugadzirwa kwakadaro zviri nyore kushandisa kuburikidza nekuvandudza nekushandisa matekinoroji matsva. Tichawana zvakapetwa kaviri nehafu yekuedza. Tinogona kutaura nezvemamiriro ezvinhu muJapan, uko kugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvepakati kwaimbove kwakapararira, kutanga kubva kuma1960. Kwakagadziriswa uye kwakabatanidzwa kanomwe.

Kuburikidza nekushandura nekusimudzira, indasitiri yeChina yedhayi nepigment intermediates yasvika padanho repamusoro maererano nehukuru hwekugadzira, tekinoroji uye nhanho yemidziyo, izvo zvisingangogone kugutsa zvinodiwa nekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yedhayi nepigment yemuno chete, asiwo kupa zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvepakati kune dzimwe nyika.

Zvinhu zvinodiwa pakugadzira zvinhu zvepakati zvinotorwa zvakanyanya kubva muzvigadzirwa zvemafuta nemakemikari ekubika, mazhinji acho ari benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, uye naphthalene. Mumakore achangopfuura, pigments dzeorganic dzakagadzirwa kubva kune heterocyclic intermediates dzave dzichiwedzera. Pamusoro pezvo, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series compounds, zvinhu izvi zvakaoma zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira dyestuff. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira kuchapararira uye kwakajairika.

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Maitiro emakemikari anowanzo shandiswa kune vari pakati

Maitiro akajairika emakemikari anoshandiswa kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kuita zvepakati peindasitiri yekudhaya (pigment) ndeaya anotevera.

(1) Kuita kwesulfonation
(2) Maitiro eNitrification
(3) Maitiro eHalogenation
(4) Kuderedza maitiro ekugadzira amino
(5) Kuitika kweDiazotization (kazhinji kunoperekedzwa nekubatana kwekubatana)
(6) Kutsiva mapoka esulfonic acid kuita mapoka ehydroxyl nekuita kwealkali-melting reactions
(7) Maitiro eAcetylation
(8) Maitiro eOxidation
(9) Kuoma kwemvura uye carbonation
(10) Maitiro ekunhuhwirira (zvikurukuru amino)
(11) Maitiro anochinjana emapoka ehydroxyl nemaamino
(12) Kusanganiswa kwehydroxyl kana mapoka emaamino

Zvichienderana nechimiro chemhete inonhuhwirira yemakemikari akanaka, inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvakaita se aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic uye dense. Ring system. Nyika yedu inogona kugadzira mhando dzinopfuura mazana mana dze benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic nedzimwe mhando dze dyeing ne pigment, izvo zvinogona kusangana nezvinodiwa nezvinodiwa neindasitiri yeDyeing ne pigment.

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Mhando huru dze benzene system

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, ... N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline ... 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, nezvimwewo.

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Mhando huru dze naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-munyu, R-munyu, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid nezvimwewo. Zvinhu zviri pakati peAnthraquinone zvinosanganisira: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, nezvimwewo. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, nezvimwewo.

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Mhando huru dzemhando dzeheterocyclic nedense-cyclic

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, nezvimwewo.