Zvepakati: Kudhaya (pigment) yepakati ibazi rakakosha zvakanyanya reiyo yakanaka makemikari indasitiri. Kuvandudzwa kwevatsigiri vepakati. Kugadzirwa kweChina kwepakati pekudhaya uye pigment kwakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya kubva kuma1950s. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, kugadzirwa kwepakati pedhayi uye pigment kwakawedzera kutyisa, uye kwakave nekutsva muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira. Isu takaita budiriro munzvimbo dzakati wandei, sekutsvaga, kushandiswa kutsva kwemhando dzekare uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye takatora nzira yakachena yekugadzira dhayi uye pigment yepakati. .

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Kuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa kwepakati

Kutaura zvazviri, kushandiswa kwepakati ndiko kukura kwamativi akawanda, imwe mhando yepakati inoshandiswa mudhayi inonzi dye intermediates, uye inoshandiswa mumishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga, nezvimwewo. Inonziwo mushonga wezvipembenene, pharmaceutical intermediates. Inofanirwa kutariswa sebazi reiyo yakanaka makemikari indasitiri yakazara, haifanirwe kugovaniswa yakakamurwa kuita dhayi yepakati, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates, pesticide intermediates. , mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene, mishonga yezvipembenene, inopindirana nemishonga, mishonga yezvipembenene zvepakati, zvipembenene zvezvipembenene, zvipembenene zvezvipembenene, zvinouraya zvipembenene, zvipembenene zvepakati, zvepakati, zvemishonga, izvo zvinoderedza kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvepakati uye kukanganisa kukura kwavo.

Yakanaka kemikari yepakati tsvagiridzo inoratidzirwa neyakasiyana siyana, kunze kwekunge mashoma mashoma ekugadzira chiyero chakakura zvakanyanya, mazhinji emhando dzematoni haana kunyanya kukura, asi maitiro ekugadzirira anowanzo kuomarara, anosanganisira akawanda mayuniti maitiro uye kupatsanurwa. kugadzirwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwe "marara matatu" anoda kubatwa nemazvo. Naizvozvo, isu tinofanirwa kuita serial chigadzirwa process tsvagiridzo, inonzwisisika sangano repakati kuti tiwane yakanaka chiyero chekugadzira kunyatsoita.

Kubva kumamiriro ekunze, kutsvagisa uye kugadzirwa kwevepakati kunowanzo kuve kwakanyatso kutariswa kuti uwane serial kugadzirwa. mashoma kusvika gumi nemaviri emhando dzepakati, kutsvagisa kwakadaro uye kugadzira kuri nyore kuita kuburikidza nekukura kwese uye kutora matekinoroji matsva. Tichawana kaviri chigumisiro nehafu yekuedza. Tinogona kutaura nezve mamiriro emuJapan, uko kugadzirwa kwevapakati kwaimbove kwakadzikiswa zvakanyanya, kutanga kubva kuma1960. Yakagadziridzwa uye yakasimbiswa kanomwe.

Kuburikidza neshanduko nekusimudzira, dhayi yeChina uye pigment intermediates indasitiri yasvika padanho repamusoro maererano nechiyero chekugadzira, tekinoroji uye nhanho yemidziyo, iyo isingagone kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvemukati dhayi uye pigment indasitiri yekuvandudza, asiwo inopa humwe hutano hwepakati zvigadzirwa zve. nyika dzekunze.

Izvo zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa pakugadzira zvepakati zvinonyanya kuwanikwa kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvepetroleum uye coking kemikari indasitiri, mazhinji acho ari benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, uye naphthalene. Mumakore achangopfuura, iyo organic pigments yakagadzirwa kubva kuheterocyclic intermediates yanga ichikwira. Pamusoro pezvo, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl series compounds, izvi zvakaoma mbishi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira dhayi. Iko kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira mbishi kuchawedzera kupararira uye kwakajairika.

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Izvo zvinowanzoitika kemikari maitiro anoshandiswa kune epakati

Magadzirirwo akajairika emakemikari anoshandiswa kugadzira mbishi kuisa pakati peindasitiri yekudhaya (pigment) ndeaya anotevera.

(1) Sulfon reaction
(2) Kuita nitrification
(3) Halogenation reactions
(4) Kuderedza kuita kwekugadzirira amino
(5) Diazotization maitiro (kazhinji anoperekedzwa nekubatanidza maitiro)
(6) Kutsiviwa kwe sulfonic acid mapoka mumapoka ehydroxyl nealkali-melting reactions
(7) Acetylation reactions
(8) Oxidation maitiro
(9) Condensation uye carbonation reactions
(10) Aromatization maitiro (kunyanya amino)
(11) Kuchinjana maitiro ehydroxyl uye amino mapoka
(12) Hydroxylation yehydroxyl kana amino mapoka

Zvinoenderana neinonhuhwirira mhete chimiro cheyakanaka kemikari yepakati, inogona kuiswa mualiphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic uye dense. Mhete system. Nyika yedu inogona kugadzira anopfuura mazana mana emhando dzebenzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic uye mamwe epakati ekudhaya uye pigment, ayo anogona kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zveDyeing uye pigment indasitiri yekusimudzira zvinodiwa.

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Mhando dzakakura dzebenzene system

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, zvichingodaro.

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Mhando huru dze naphthalene dzepakati

2-naphthol, H-asidhi, K-asidhi, 2,3-asidhi, 2,6-asidhi, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 asidhi okisijeni. J-asidhi, peri-asidhi, gamma-asidhi, G-munyu, R-munyu, amino K-asidhi, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-asidhi uye zvichingodaro. Anthraquinone zvepakati zvinosanganisira: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, nezvimwewo. Anthraquinone, 1 ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, nezvimwewo.

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Makuru heterocyclic uye dense-cyclic marudzi

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-hydroxy-hydroxy. -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, nezvimwewo.