Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino: indasitiri yemishonga inonyanya kutarisa pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yemakemikari, mishonga yehupenyu uye mishonga yechivanhu yeChinese, uye kugadzirwa kwayo kune hunhu hwezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, maitiro akaomarara uye zviyero zvakasiyana zvekugadzira.
Mvura yakasviba inogadzirwa nemaitiro emishonga ine hunhu hwehuwandu hwakawanda hwekusvibisa, zvikamu zvakaoma, kusaora zvakanaka kwechinhu uye chepfu yakawanda yehupenyu.
Kugadzira mishonga yemishonga nekugadzira mishonga yemvura yakasviba ndiyo dambudziko guru uye chinhu chakakosha mukudzora kusvibiswa kwemishonga.
Mvura yakasviba inogadzirwa nemakemikari ndiyo inonyanya kusvibisa inoburitswa panguva yekugadzirwa kwemishonga [2].
Mvura inoraswa nemishonga inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina [3], kureva mvura inoraswa uye mvura inoraswa mukugadzirwa kwayo;
Mvura yasara iri kudzoserwa inosanganisira solvent, prerequisite liquid, zvimwe zvakagadzirwa, nezvimwewo.
Kubatsira pakuburitsa mvura muvhu senge mvura inotonhodza, nezvimwewo.
Midziyo nemvura inorasirwa pasi;
Tsvina yemumba.
Tekinoroji yekurapa mvura yakasviba yepakati pemishonga
Tichifunga nezvehunhu hwemvura yakasviba yepakati pemishonga yakadai seCOD yakakwira, nitrogen yakakwira, phosphorus yakakwira, munyu wakawanda, chroma yakadzika, kuumbwa kwakaoma uye kusaora zvakanaka kwehupenyu, nzira dzinowanzo shandiswa kurapa dzinosanganisira kurapwa kwefizikisi uye maitiro ekurapa nemakemikari [6].
Zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando yemvura yakasviba, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai sekubatanidza maitiro efizikisi uye maitiro ebhayoloji dzichashandiswawo [7].
Mufananidzo wacho
1. Tekinoroji yekurapa muviri nemakemikari
Parizvino, nzira huru dzekurapa mvura yakasviba kuburikidza nemakemikari dzinosanganisira: nzira yekuisa gasi mufiriji, nzira yekubatanidza mvura mufiriji, nzira yekuisa mvura mufiriji, nzira yekuisa mvura mufiriji, nzira yekuisa mvura mufiriji, nzira yekupisa uye nzira yepamusoro yekuisa mvura mufiriji [8].
Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dze electrolysis ne chemical precipitation, dzakadai se FE-C micro-electrolysis uye nzira dze MAP precipitation dzekubvisa nitrogen ne phosphorus, dzinowanzoshandiswawo mukurapa mvura yakasviba yepakati pemishonga.
1.1 Nzira yekubatanidza uye kupwanya
Maitiro ekubatanidza ibasa apo zvidimbu zvakamiswa uye zvidimbu zvecolloidal mumvura zvinoshandurwa kuita mamiriro asina kugadzikana nekuwedzera makemikari uye zvozobatanidzwa kuita zvidimbu kana zvidimbu zviri nyore kupatsanura.
Parizvino, tekinoroji iyi inowanzo shandiswa mukurapa kwemvura yakasviba isati yatanga, kurapwa kwepakati uye kurapwa kwepamusoro kwemishonga [10].
Tekinoroji yekuonda uye yekupwanya ine zvakanakira tekinoroji yakakura, michina iri nyore, kushanda kwakasimba uye kugadzirisa kuri nyore.
Zvisinei, pachava nehuwandu hwakawanda hwetsvina yemakemikari inogadzirwa mukushandiswa kwetekinoroji iyi, izvo zvichaita kuti pH yetsvina ive shoma uye munyu wakawanda mumvura yakasviba.
Pamusoro pezvo, tekinoroji yekubatanidza mvura nekuisa mvura muvhu haigone kubvisa tsvina yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakasviba zvinobudirira, uye haigone kubvisa zvachose tsvina ine chepfu uye inokuvadza mumvura yakasviba.
1.2 Nzira yekuchenesa makemikari
Nzira yekubvisa tsvina mumvura yakasviba inzira yemakemikari yekubvisa tsvina mumvura yakasviba kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari pakati pemakemikari anonyunguduka nemvura yakasviba kuti igadzire munyu usinganyunguduke, mahydroxide kana zvinhu zvakaoma.
Mvura yakasviba yepakati pemishonga inowanzo kuve nehuwandu hwakawanda hweammonia nitrogen, phosphate uye sulfate ions, nezvimwewo. Kune rudzi urwu rwemvura yakasviba, nzira yemakemikari inoshandiswa pakurapa kwemuviri uye kwemakemikari kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti maitiro ekurapa kwebiochemical anotevera anoshanda zvakanaka.
Senzira yechinyakare yekurapa mvura, mvura inonaya nemakemikari inowanzo shandiswa kunyorovesa mvura yakasviba.
Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemakemikari akachena zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemvura yakasviba yepakati pemishonga, mvura yakasviba inowanzo kuve nehuwandu hwakawanda hweammonia nitrogen nephosphorus nezvimwe zvinosvibisa, uchishandisa magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation nzira inogona kubvisa zvinobudirira zvinosvibisa zviviri panguva imwe chete, magnesium ammonium phosphate salt precipitation inogadzirwa inogona kudzokororwa.
Nzira yeMagnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation inozivikanwawo senzira yeStruvite.
Mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, huwandu hwakawanda hwesulfuric acid hunowanzo shandiswa mune mamwe maworkshop, uye pH yechikamu ichi chemvura yakasviba inogona kunge yakaderera. Kuti uwedzere pH yemvura yakasviba uye kubvisa mamwe ma sulfate ions panguva imwe chete, nzira yekuwedzera CaO inowanzo shandiswa, iyo inonzi nzira ye chemical precipitation ye quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 kunyudzwa kwemvura
Nheyo yekubvisa tsvina mumvura yakasviba nenzira yekunyudza inoreva kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasimba zvine maburi kuti zvinyungudike zvakati kana zvakasiyana-siyana mumvura yakasviba, kuitira kuti tsvina iri mumvura yakasviba ikwanise kubviswa kana kudzokororwa.
Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira fly ash, slag, activated carbon uye adsorption resin, pakati pazvo carbon activated ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa.
1.4 kuyerera kwemhepo
Nzira yekuyangarara kwemhepo inzira yekuchenesa mvura yakasviba umo maburi madiki akapararira zvakanyanya anoshandiswa sekutakura zvinhu kuti zvibatanidze kutsvina mumvura yakasviba. Nekuti huwandu hwemaburi madiki anonamatira kutsvina huri pasi pehwemvura uye hunoyangarara kumusoro, kupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasimba-yakaoma kana mvura-yakaoma kunoitika.
Mafomu ekuyangarara kwemhepo anosanganisira kuyangarara kwemhepo yakanyungudutswa, kuyangarara kwemhepo ine mhepo, kuyangarara kwemhepo ine electrolysis uye kuyangarara kwemhepo ine makemikari, nezvimwewo [18], pakati pazvo kuyangarara kwemhepo ine makemikari kwakakodzera kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasungirirwa.
Nzira yekuyangarara mumhepo ine zvakanakira zvekudyara mari shoma, nzira iri nyore, kugadzirisa zviri nyore uye kushandisa simba shoma, asi haikwanise kubvisa zvinobudirira tsvina yakanyungudutswa mumvura yakasviba.
1.5 electrolysis
Maitiro emagetsi (electrolytic process) kushandiswa kwebasa remagetsi rinoita kuti pave nemakemikari akawanda, kushandura zvinhu zvinokuvadza mumvura yakasviba uye zvabviswa, musimboti wekuita kwemagetsi unoitika mumvura yakasviba kuburikidza neelectrode material uye electrode reaction, kugadzira okisijeni itsva yezvakatipoteredza uye hydrogen [H] uye kubviswa kweREDOX reaction inokonzera kusvibiswa mumvura yakasviba.
Nzira ye electrolysis inoshanda zvakanyanya uye iri nyore kushandisa pakurapa mvura yakasviba. Panguva imwe chete, nzira ye electrolysis inogona kubvisa zvinhu zvine ruvara mumvura yakasviba zvinobudirira uye inovandudza kuora kwemvura yakasviba.
Mufananidzo wacho
2. Tekinoroji yepamusoro yekuoxidation
Tekinoroji yepamusoro ye oxidation, se tekinoroji itsva yekurapa mvura, ine zvakanakira zvakawanda, zvakaita sekushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadza tsvina, kushatiswa kwakanyanya uye oxidation yetsvina uye kusasvibisa zvimwe zvinhu.
Tekinoroji yepamusoro ye oxidation, inozivikanwawo se deep oxidation technology, itekinoroji yekurapa makemikari nemuviri inoshandisa oxidizer, chiedza, magetsi, ruzha, magineti uye catalyst kugadzira ma free radicals anoshanda zvakanyanya (akadai se ·OH) kuti asvibise tsvina yeorganic inodzivisa kusvibiswa.
Munyaya yekurapa mvura yakasviba nemishonga, tekinoroji yepamusoro ye oxidation yave chinhu chinonyanya kutsvakurudzwa uye kutariswa zvakanyanya.
Tekinoroji yepamusoro ye oxidation inosanganisira electrochemical oxidation, chemical oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, wet catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation uye advanced oxidation combined technology.
Nzira yekuoxidation yemakemikari ndeyekushandisa mishonga yemakemikari pachayo kana pasi pemamwe mamiriro ane oxidation yakasimba kuti ioxide organic pollutions mumvura yakasviba kuti ibudise chinangwa chekubvisa pollutions, nzira dzemakemikari dzinosanganisa ozone oxidation, Fenton oxidation method uye wet catalytic oxidation method.
2.1 Maitiro ekuoxidation eFenton
Nzira yeFenton oxidation inzira yepamusoro ye oxidation iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pari zvino. Nzira iyi inoshandisa ferric salt (Fe2+ kana Fe3+) se catalyst yekugadzira ·OH ine oxidation yakasimba pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera H2O2, iyo inogona kuita oxidation reaction ne organic pollutions pasina kusarudza kuti iwane kuora uye mineralization yezvinosvibisa.
Nzira iyi ine zvakanakira zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira kukurumidza kuita reaction, kusasvibisa kwechipiri uye kuoxidation kwakasimba, nezvimwewo. Fenton oxidation method inowanzo shandiswa mukurapa mvura yakasviba nemishonga nekuda kwekusasarudza oxidation reaction mukuita kwe chemical oxidation uye nzira iyi inogona kuderedza chepfu yemvura yakasviba nezvimwe zvinhu.
2.2 Nzira yekuoxidation ye electrochemical
Nzira yekuoxidation yemagetsi ndeyekushandisa zvinhu zvemagetsi kugadzira superoxide free radical ·O2 uye hydroxyl free radical ·OH, ese ari maviri ane basa rakakura reoxidation, anogona oxidize organic matter mumvura yakasviba, uye obva azadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa tsvina.
Zvisinei, nzira iyi ine hunhu hwekushandisa simba rakawanda uye kudhura kwakanyanya.
2.3 Kuoxidation kwePhotocatalytic
Kuoxidation kwephotocatalytic tekinoroji yekurapa inoshanda zvakanyanya mu tekinoroji yekurapa mvura, iyo inoshandisa zvinhu zvinoomesa (zvakadai seTiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, nezvimwewo) sezvinhu zvinoomesa kuita catalytic oxidation yehuwandu hwezvinosvibisa mumvura yakasviba, kuitira kuti chinangwa chekubvisa zvinosvibisa chibudirire.
Nekuti akawanda emakemikoro ari mumvura yakasviba yemishonga ari zvinhu zvepolar zvine mapoka ane acidic kana zvinhu zvepolar zvine mapoka ane alkaline, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kukanganiswa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga nechiedza.
2.4 Kuoreswa kwemvura kwakanyanya
Kuoxidation yemvura inokonzereswa neSupercritical (SCWO) imhando yetekinoroji yekurapa mvura inoshandisa mvura senzira yekushandisa uye inoshandisa hunhu hwakakosha hwemvura iri mumamiriro ekukosha kwemvura kuti ivandudze reaction rate uye iite kuti oxidation yezvinhu zvipenyu ikwane.
2.5 Tekinoroji yepamusoro yekubatanidza oxidation
Tekinoroji yega yega yemhando yepamusoro ye oxidation inoshandisa zvipingamupinyi zvayo, kuti ivandudze kushanda zvakanaka kwekurapa mvura yakasviba, matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana emhando yepamusoro ye oxidation anounganidzwa pamwe chete, zvichiumba musanganiswa we matekinoroji emhando yepamusoro e oxidation, kana tekinoroji imwe chete yepamusoro ye oxidation inosanganiswa nemamwe matekinoroji kuita tekinoroji itsva yekuvandudza kugona kwe oxidation nemhedzisiro yekurapa uye kusangana nekuchinja kwemhando yemvura mukurapa mvura yakasviba yemishonga yakakura.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis uye photocatalysis, nezvimwewo. Parizvino, matekinoroji ekubatanidza ozone anonyanya kudzidzwa ndeaya [36]:
Maitiro eOzone activated carbon, O3-H2O2 uye UV-O3, kubva pamhedzisiro yekurapa kwemvura yakasviba isingashande uye kushandiswa kwemainjiniya, O3-H2O2 uye UV-O3 zvine mukana mukuru wekukura.
Maitiro akajairika ekubatanidza Fenton anosanganisira nzira yeFenton ye micro-electrolysis, nzira ye H2O2 ye iron filings, nzira yeFenton ye photochemical (yakadai senzira yeFenton yezuva, nzira yeUV-Fenton, nezvimwewo), asi nzira yeFenton yemagetsi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.
Mufananidzo wacho
3. Tekinoroji yekurapa nemakemikari
Tekinoroji yekurapa nemakemikari ndiyo tekinoroji huru mukurapa mvura yakasviba, kuburikidza nekukura kwehutachiona, metabolism, kuberekana uye mamwe maitiro ekuora zvinhu zvipenyu mumvura yakasviba, kuwana simba razvo rinodiwa uye kuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa zvinhu zvipenyu.
3.1 Tekinoroji yekurapa kweAnaerobic biology
Tekinoroji yekurapa kweAnaerobic biological ndeyekusavapo kwenzvimbo ye okisijeni yemamorekuru, kushandiswa kwemetabolism yemabhakitiriya asina anaerobic, kuburikidza nekuita kwehydrolytic acidification, kugadzirwa kwehydrogen acetic acid nekugadzirwa kwemethane uye mamwe maitiro ekushandura macromolecules, zvakaoma kusvibisa organic matter kuita CH4, CO2, H2O uye small molecular organic matter.
Mvura yakasviba yemishonga inowanzo kuve nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinoramba kushanda zvakanaka, izvo zvisingagone kusvibiswa zvakananga uye kushandiswa nemabhakitiriya e aerobic, saka tekinoroji yekurapa anaerobic iripo yave nzira huru mumunda wekurapa mvura yakasviba yemishonga kumba nekune dzimwe nyika [43].
Tekinoroji yekurapa kweAnaerobic biological ine zvakanakira zvakawanda: maitiro ekushanda kweanaerobic reactor haadi kupa mhepo, kushandiswa kwesimba kwakaderera;
Mvura ine simba reanaerobic inowanzo kuve yakawanda.
Kushaya zvinovaka muviri zvakakwana;
Mugove wetsvina ye anaerobic reactor wakaderera, uye sludge iri nyore kuomesa.
Methane inogadzirwa panguva yekusashanda kwemhepo inogona kushandiswazve sesimba.
Zvisinei, mvura inobuda mumhepo isina mweya haigone kubudiswa kusvika padanho repamusoro, uye inoda kugadziriswa zvakare nekubatanidza nedzimwe nzira. Zvisinei, tekinoroji yekurapa mvura isina mweya inonyatsoenderana ne pH, tembiricha nezvimwe zvinhu. Kana kuchinja-chinja kuri kukuru, mhinduro yemvura isina mweya ichakanganiswa zvakananga, uye ipapo hunhu hwemvura inobuda mumhepo huchakanganiswa.
3.2 Tekinoroji yekurapa hutachiona hwemhepo
Tekinoroji yekurapa nekushandisa aerobic biological treatment tekinoroji yekurapa ne biology inoshandisa oxidative decomposition uye assimilation synthesis ye aerobic bacteria kubvisa organic matter yakaora. Munguva yekukura uye metabolism ye aerobic organic, huwandu hwakawanda hwekubereka huchaitwa, izvo zvichagadzira activated sludge itsva. Alt activated sludge yakawandisa ichaburitswa kuburikidza ne residual sludge, uye wastewater ichacheneswa panguva imwe chete.

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