Mamiriro ezvinhu parizvino: indasitiri yemishonga inonyanya kutarisisa makemikari synthesis emishonga, biological pharmaceutical uye yechinyakare Chinese mushonga wemishonga, uye kugadzirwa kune hunhu hwezvakasiyana zvigadzirwa, maitiro akaomarara uye akasiyana masikero ekugadzira.
Mvura yetsvina inogadzirwa nemishonga yemishonga ine hunhu hwekunyanya kusvibisa, zvinhu zvakaomarara, kuderera kwe biodegradability uye yakanyanya biological toxicity.
Kemikari synthesis uye kuvirisa mishonga yekugadzira tsvina mvura ndiyo yakaoma uye yakakosha muindasitiri yemishonga kudzora kusvibisa.
Kemikari synthesis tsvina yemvura itsvina huru inoburitswa panguva yekugadzirwa kwemishonga [2].
Mvura yetsvina yemishonga inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina [3], kureva mvura yetsvina uye mvura yaamai mukugadzira;
Residual fluid mukudzoreredza inosanganisira solvent, prerequisite fluid, by-chigadzirwa, nezvimwe.
Yekubatsira dhizaini semvura inotonhorera, nezvimwe.
Midziyo uye pasi pemvura inorasa tsvina;
Tsvina yemumba.
Tekinoroji yekurapa kwemishonga yepakati pemvura tsvina
Tichifunga nezvehunhu hwemvura inoraswa yepakati pemishonga yakadai seCOD yakakwira, nitrogen yakakwira, phosphorus yakawanda, yakadzika munyu, yakadzika chroma, kuumbwa kwakaomarara uye kuderera kwehupenyu, nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa dzekurapa dzinosanganisira physicochemical treatment uye biochemical treatment process [6].
Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando yemvura yetsvina, nzira dzakatevedzana dzakadai sekusanganiswa kwephysicochemical process uye biological process ichashandiswawo [7].
Mufananidzo
1. Muviri uye makemikari kurapwa tekinoroji
Parizvino, nzira huru dzekurapa dzemuviri uye dzemakemikari dzekugadzira mishonga yetsvina dzinosanganisira: gasi flotation nzira, coagulation sedimentation nzira, adsorption nzira, reverse osmosis nzira, incineration nzira uye advanced oxidation process [8].
Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dze electrolysis uye kemikari yekunaya kwemakemikari, senge FE-C micro-electrolysis uye MAP kunaya nzira dzekubvisa nitrogen uye phosphorus, dzinoshandiswawo mukurapa kwemishonga yepakati tsvina yemvura.
1.1 Coagulation uye sedimentation nzira
Coagulation process inzira iyo iyo yakamiswa particles uye colloidal particles mumvura inoshandurwa kuita isina kugadzikana nekuwedzera makemikari ejenti uye obva aunganidzwa kuita flocs kana flocs zviri nyore kupatsanura.
Parizvino, tekinoroji iyi inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa, kurapwa kwepakati uye kurapwa kwepamusoro kwemvura yetsvina yemishonga [10].
Iyo tekinoroji yecoagulation uye sedimentation ine zvakanakira tekinoroji yakakura, zvishandiso zviri nyore, kushanda kwakagadzikana uye kugadzirisa kuri nyore.
Nekudaro, pachave nekuwanda kwedhaka remakemikari anogadzirwa mukuita kwekushandisa tekinoroji iyi, izvo zvinozotungamira kune yakaderera pH yetsvina uye ine munyu wakawanda wemvura yetsvina.
Pamusoro pezvo, coagulation uye sedimentation tekinoroji haigone kubvisa zvinosvibisa zvakanyungudutswa mumvura yetsvina, uye haigone kubvisa zvachose chepfu uye inokuvadza yekutsvaga tsvina mumvura yetsvina.
1.2 Chemical kunaya nzira
Chemical precipitation method ikemikari nzira yekubvisa zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina nemakemikari anoita pakati pezvinonyungudika makemikari ejenti uye zvinosvibisa mumvura ine tsvina kuti zviumbe insoluble salt, hydroxides kana yakaoma komisheni.
Mushonga wepakati pemvura tsvina kazhinji ine yakakwira huwandu hweammonia nitrogen, phosphate uye sulfate ions, etc. Kune rudzi urwu rwemvura yakasviba, kemikari yekunaya kwemvura nzira inowanzoshandiswa pakugadzirisa kwemuviri uye kemikari kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwakajairika kweanotevera biochemical kurapwa maitiro.
Sechinyakare tekinoroji yekurapa mvura, kunaya kwemakemikari kunowanzo shandiswa kupfavisa mvura yetsvina.
Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwepamusoro kuchena kwemakemikari zvinhu mukugadzirwa kwemvura yepakati yetsvina yemishonga, mvura yetsvina inowanzova neammonia nitrogen uye phosphorus nezvimwe zvinosvibisa, kushandisa magnesium ammonium phosphate kemikari mvura inonaya nzira inogona kunyatso bvisa zvinosvibisa zviviri panguva imwe chete. nguva, iyo inogadzirwa magnesium ammonium phosphate munyu kunaya inogona kushandiswazve.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation nzira inonziwo struvite nzira.
Mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yepakati, yakawanda sulfuric acid inowanzoshandiswa mune mamwe masangano, uye pH yechikamu ichi chemvura yakasvibiswa inogona kunge yakaderera.Kuti uvandudze pH kukosha kwemvura yakasvibiswa uye kubvisa mamwe sulfate ions panguva imwe chete, nzira yekuwedzera CaO inowanzoshandiswa, iyo inonzi chemical precipitation method ye quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 adsorption
Nheyo yekubvisa zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina nenzira yeadsorption inoreva kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvine porous solid kuti adsorb zvimwe kana zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina, kuitira kuti zvinosvibisa mumvura ine tsvina zvibviswe kana kushandiswazve.
Anowanzo shandiswa adsorbents anosanganisira senge nhunzi ash, slag, activated kabhoni uye adsorption resin, pakati peiyo activated kabhoni inonyanya kushandiswa.
1.4 kutenderera kwemhepo
Mhepo yekuyangarara nzira inzira yekuchenesa mvura yetsvina umo mabhuru madiki akapararira anoshandiswa sekutakura kugadzira kunamatira kune zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina.Nekuti kuwanda kwemafuru madiki anonamatira kune zvinosvibisa ishoma pane iyo yemvura uye inoyangarara kumusoro, kupatsanurwa kwakasimba-mvura kana mvura-mvura kunoitika.
Mafomu ekuyangarara emhepo anosanganisira yakanyungudutswa mhepo inoyangarara, aerated air floatation, electrolysis air floatation uye makemikari air floatation, etc. [18], pakati payo kemikari mhepo inoyangarara inokodzera kurapwa kwemvura yetsvina ine yakakwirira yakamiswa nyaya.
Air flotation nzira ine mabhenefiti ekudyara kwakaderera, maitiro akareruka, kugadzirisa kuri nyore uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa, asi haigone kubvisa zvinosvibisa zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina.
1.5 electrolysis
Electrolytic process iko kushandiswa kwekunakidzwa kwazvino kuita, kuburitsa akateedzana maitiro emakemikari, kushandura zvinokuvadza zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina uye zvabviswa, maitiro ekuita kwe electrolytic process yakaitika mu electrolyte mhinduro iri kuburikidza ne electrode zvinhu uye electrode reaction, kugadzira itsva ecological new. ecological oxygen uye haidrojeni [H] uye tsvina yemvura inosvibisa REDOX reaction inoita kubviswa kwetsvina.
Iyo electrolysis nzira ine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye kushanda kuri nyore mukurapwa kwemvura yetsvina.Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira ye electrolysis inogona kunyatsobvisa zvinhu zvine mavara mumvura yakasviba uye zvinobudirira kuvandudza biodegradability yemvura yakasviba.
Mufananidzo
2. Yepamusoro oxidation tekinoroji
Yepamberi oxidation tekinoroji, sehunyanzvi hwekuchenesa mvura tekinoroji, ine zvakawanda zvakanaka, senge kunyatsoshanda kwekushatisa kwezvinosvibisa, kunyanya kushatisa uye oxidation yezvinosvibisa uye pasina kusvibiswa kwechipiri.
Advanced oxidation tekinoroji, inozivikanwawo seyakadzama oxidation tekinoroji, inyanzvi yekurapa uye yemakemikari tekinoroji inoshandisa oxidizer, mwenje, magetsi, ruzha, magineti uye catalyst kugadzira yakanyanya inoshanda emahara radicals (senge · OH) kushatisa refractory organic zvinosvibisa.
Mumunda wemishonga yekurasa tsvina yemishonga, advanced oxidation tekinoroji yave yekutarisisa kwekutsvaga kwakawanda uye kutarisisa.
Yepamberi oxidation tekinoroji inonyanya kusanganisira electrochemical oxidation, makemikari oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, wet catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical mvura oxidation uye advanced oxidation yakasanganiswa tekinoroji.
Chemical oxidation nzira ndeye kushandisa makemikari ejenti ivo pachavo kana pasi pemamwe mamiriro ane oxidation yakasimba kuti iite oxidize iyo organic inosvibisa mumvura yetsvina kuti izadzise chinangwa chekubvisa zvinosvibisa, makemikari oxidation nzira dzinosanganisira ozone oxidation, Fenton oxidation nzira uye nyoro catalytic oxidation nzira.
2.1 Fenton oxidation maitiro
Fenton oxidation nzira imhando yemhando yepamusoro oxidation nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya parizvino.Iyi nzira inoshandisa ferric munyu (Fe2 + kana Fe3 +) sechinhu chinokonzera kuburitsa ·OH ine oxidation yakasimba pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera H2O2, iyo inogona kuva nekuita oxidation nehutachiona hwehupenyu pasina kusarudzwa kuti uwane kuparara uye mineralization yezvinosvibisa.
Iyi nzira ine mabhenefiti akawanda, kusanganisira kukurumidza kuita nekukurumidza, hapana kusvibiswa kwechipiri uye oxidation yakasimba, etc. Fenton oxidation nzira inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa kwemvura yetsvina yemishonga nekuda kweiyo isiri-selective oxidation reaction mukuita kwemakemikari oxidation uye nzira inogona kuderedza toxicity yemvura yakasviba uye mamwe maitiro.
2.2 Electrochemical oxidation nzira
Electrochemical oxidation method ndeye kushandisa electrode zvinhu kugadzira superoxide free radical ·O2 uye hydroxyl free radical ·OH, ose ane high oxidation basa, anogona oxidize organic zvinhu mumvura tsvina, uye ozozadzisa chinangwa chokubvisa zvinosvibisa.
Zvisinei, nzira iyi ine maitiro ekushandiswa kwesimba guru uye mari yakakwirira.
2.3 Photocatalytic oxidation
Photocatalytic oxidation inyanzvi yekurapa tekinoroji mutekinoroji yekurapa mvura, inoshandisa zvinhu zvinokonzeresa (seTiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, nezvimwewo) sezvitakuri zvinotakura kuita catalytic oxidation yezvizhinji zvekudzikisa zvinosvibisa mumvura yetsvina, kuitira kuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa zvinosvibisa.
Nekuda kwekuti mazhinji emakemikari ari mumvura yetsvina yemishonga zvinhu zvepolar zvine acidic mapoka kana zvinhu zvepolar zvine mapoka ealkaline, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kuderedzwa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga nechiedza.
2.4 Supercritical mvura oxidation
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) imhando yetekinoroji yekuchenesa mvura iyo inotora mvura sepakati uye inoshandisa yakakosha hunhu hwemvura mune supercritical state kuvandudza chiyero chekuita uye kuona iyo yakazara oxidation yeorganic matter.
2.5 Yepamberi oxidation yakasanganiswa tekinoroji
Yese yepamusoro oxidation matekinoroji anoshandisa pane zvaasingakwanisi, kuitira kuvandudza kushanda kwekuchenesa mvura yetsvina, akateedzana epamusoro oxidation matekinoroji anounganidzwa pamwechete, akaumba musanganiswa weiyo yepamusoro oxidation tekinoroji, kana imwe chete yepamusoro oxidation tekinoroji yakasanganiswa nehumwe matekinoroji kuita hutsva. tekinoroji yekuvandudza kugona kweoxidation uye mhedzisiro yekurapa uye kusangana nekuchinja kwemhando yemvura mukirasi yakakura yekurapa tsvina yemishonga.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis uye photocatalysis, etc. Parizvino, yakanyanya kudzidzwa ozone musanganiswa matekinoroji [36] :
Ozone activated carbon process, O3-H2O2 uye UV-O3, kubva pakurapa mhedzisiro yemvura yakashata inorambidzika uye engineering application, O3-H2O2 uye UV-O3 vane yakakura budiriro mukana.
Iyo yakajairika Fenton musanganiswa process inosanganisira micro-electrolysis Fenton nzira, iron filings H2O2 nzira, photochemical Fenton nzira (yakadai solar Fenton nzira, UV-Fenton nzira, nezvimwewo), asi yemagetsi Fenton nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.
Mufananidzo
3. Biochemical treatment technology
Biochemical treatment tekinoroji ndiyo huru tekinoroji mukurapwa kwemvura yetsvina, kuburikidza nekukura kwemicrobial, metabolism, kubereka uye mamwe maitiro ekuodza iyo organic zvinhu mumvura yakaraswa, kuwana yavo simba rinodiwa uye kuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa organic zvinhu.
3.1 Anaerobic biological treatment tekinoroji
Anaerobic biological treatment tekinoroji iri mukushaikwa kwemamolecular oxygen nharaunda, kushandiswa kweanaerobic bacteria metabolism, kuburikidza nekuita kwehydrolytic acidification, hydrogen kugadzirwa acetic acid uye methane kugadzirwa uye mamwe maitiro ekushandura macromolecules, zvakaoma kushatisa organic zvinhu kuita CH4, CO2 , H2O uye diki molecular organic matter.
Synthetic mishonga tsvina yemvura inowanzo ine nhamba huru ye cyclic refractory organic zvinhu, izvo zvisingagoni kuderedzwa zvakananga uye kushandiswa ne aerobic mabhakitiriya, saka ikozvino anaerobic kurapwa tekinoroji yave nzira huru mumunda wemishonga yekurapa tsvina kumba nekune dzimwe nyika [43] .
Anaerobic biological treatment technology ine zvakawanda zvakanakira: anaerobic reactor operation process haidi kupa aeration, simba rekushandisa rakaderera;
Iyo organic mutoro weanaerobic influent mvura inowanzo kwira.
Kuderera kwekudya kunodiwa;
Iyo sludge goho reanaerobic reactor rakaderera, uye sludge iri nyore kupera mvura.
Methane inogadzirwa muanaerobic process inogona kushandiswazve sesimba.
Nekudaro, iyo anaerobic effluent haigone kuburitswa kusvika pachiyero, uye inoda kuwedzerwa kurapwa nekubatanidza nemamwe maitiro.Nekudaro, iyo anaerobic biological kurapwa tekinoroji inonzwa kune pH kukosha, tembiricha uye zvimwe zvinhu.Kana kuchinja uku kwakakura, iyo anaerobic reaction ichabatwa zvakananga, uye ipapo effluent mhando ichakanganiswa.
3.2 Aerobic biological treatment tekinoroji
Aerobic biological treatment tekinoroji tekinoroji yekurapa tekinoroji inoshandisa iyo oxidative decomposition uye assimilation synthesis yeaerobic bacteria kubvisa yakashatiswa organic zvinhu.Munguva yekukura uye metabolism yezvipenyu zveaerobic, nhamba huru yekubereka ichaitwa, iyo inozogadzira nyowani activated sludge.Iyo yakawandisa activated sludge ichaburitswa kuburikidza nechimiro cheyakasara sludge, uye iyo tsvina ichacheneswa panguva imwe chete.

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